TOI-1232 c
Astrophysical Synthesis & Habitability Characterization
TOI-1232 c is a confirmed gas giant exoplanet orbiting the star TOI-1232, located approximately 1071.8 light-years (328.6 parsecs) from the Solar System. First announced in 2026 by Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) using the Transit Timing Variations detection technique (producing an estimated primary transit depth of 0.5767% across the stellar disk), this world measures 8.88 Earth radii (0.79 Jupiter radii) and has a measured mass of 58.48 Earth masses (0.18 Jupiter masses). Combining its mass and radius yields a mean bulk density of 0.46 g/cm³ (a low bulk density dominated by an extended hydrogen-helium gaseous envelope), a surface gravity of 0.74 g⊕ (7.26 m/s²), and an escape velocity of 28.7 km/s.
In its orbital architecture around TOI-1232, TOI-1232 c completes one full revolution every 30.356 Earth days at a semi-major axis of 0.194 AU (orbiting interior to Mercury's 0.387 AU benchmark in the Solar System). Its mean orbital velocity is approximately 69.5 km/s (compared to Earth's 29.8 km/s). With a near-circular eccentricity of e = 0.027 (ranging from 0.1888 AU at periapsis to 0.1992 AU at apoapsis), the planet experiences minimal orbital distance variation.
⚠️ Thermal Regime (Irradiated / Hot Zone): At an equilibrium temperature of 660 K (+387°C / +729°F) and receiving 31.43 S⊕ (~42,780 W/m²), TOI-1232 c orbits interior to the runaway greenhouse boundary where surface liquid water cannot persist.
The host star TOI-1232 is classified as a solar-type yellow star of spectral type G1 V with an effective photospheric temperature of 5,823 K, a radius of 1.072 R☉, a mass of 1.058 M☉, an estimated bolometric luminosity of 1.185 L☉. Stellar evolution modeling indicates an estimated stellar age of 4 Gyr and a metallicity of [Fe/H] = 0.18 dex (metal-rich relative to the Sun). From Earth, TOI-1232 shines at apparent V-band magnitude 12.68 (faint and requiring research-grade or CCD telescopic photometry) in the Southern celestial hemisphere. The TOI-1232 system is a multi-planet architecture hosting 2 confirmed worlds, with TOI-1232 c sharing its stellar neighborhood alongside TOI-1232 b.
Methodology: Computed using the Schulze-Makuch et al. (2011) weighted metric comparing physical interior (radius, estimated density) and surface thermal regime (escape velocity, equilibrium temperature).
Discovery Facility: Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) · Catalogue Source: NASA Exoplanet Archive (IPAC / Caltech).
☀️ Host Star Telemetry
| Host Star Name | TOI-1232 |
| Spectral Type | G1 V |
| Effective Temp (Teff) | 5,823 K |
| Stellar Radius | 1.0720 R☉ |
| Stellar Mass | 1.0580 M☉ |
| Bolometric Luminosity | 1.185 L☉ |
| Metallicity [Fe/H] | 0.180 dex |
| Stellar Age | 4.000 Gyr |
| Apparent Magnitude | V: 12.680 · G: 12.265 |
| System Architecture | 1 Star, 2 Planets |
🪐 Orbital & Physical Dynamics
| Semi-Major Axis (a) | 0.194000 AU |
| Orbital Period | 30.356 days |
| Mean Orbital Velocity | 69.5 km/s |
| Orbital Eccentricity (e) | 0.02700 |
| Orbital Inclination (i) | 87.9900° |
| Mean Bulk Density | 0.46 g/cm³ (28.7 km/s vesc) |
| Insolation Flux | 31.4327 S⊕ (~42,780 W/m²) |
| Habitable Zone Status | Exterior / Non-HZ |
| Celestial Distance | 1071.800 LY (328.604 pc) |