TOI-411 b
Astrophysical Synthesis & Habitability Characterization
TOI-411 b is a confirmed super-earth exoplanet orbiting the star HD 22946, located approximately 204.8 light-years (62.78 parsecs) from the Solar System. First announced in 2022 by Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) using the Transit detection technique (producing an estimated primary transit depth of 0.0125% across the stellar disk), this world measures 1.362 Earth radii and has a measured mass of 13.71 Earth masses. Combining its mass and radius yields a mean bulk density of 29.92 g/cm³ (an iron-enriched, high-compression rocky core), a surface gravity of 7.39 g⊕ (72.47 m/s²), and an escape velocity of 35.5 km/s.
In its orbital architecture around HD 22946, TOI-411 b completes one full revolution every 4.04 Earth days at a semi-major axis of 0.05727 AU (orbiting interior to Mercury's 0.387 AU benchmark in the Solar System). Its mean orbital velocity is approximately 154.2 km/s (compared to Earth's 29.8 km/s). Its moderate orbital eccentricity of e = 0.126 carries the world between 0.0501 AU at periapsis and 0.0645 AU at apoapsis, driving measurable seasonal insolation cycles.
⚠️ Thermal Regime (Irradiated / Hot Zone): At an equilibrium temperature of 1241 K (+968°C / +1774°F) and receiving 495.14 S⊕ (~673,884 W/m²), TOI-411 b orbits interior to the runaway greenhouse boundary where surface liquid water cannot persist.
The host star HD 22946 is classified as a warm F-type star of spectral type F7/F8V with an effective photospheric temperature of 6,169 K, a radius of 1.117 R☉, a mass of 1.098 M☉, an estimated bolometric luminosity of 1.621 L☉. Stellar evolution modeling indicates an estimated stellar age of 2.5 Gyr and a metallicity of [Fe/H] = -0.08 dex (near-solar heavy-element abundance). From Earth, HD 22946 shines at apparent V-band magnitude 8.27 (accessible to binoculars and small amateur telescopes) in the Southern celestial hemisphere. The HD 22946 system is a multi-planet architecture hosting 3 confirmed worlds, with TOI-411 b sharing its stellar neighborhood alongside TOI-411 c, HD 22946 d.
Methodology: Computed using the Schulze-Makuch et al. (2011) weighted metric comparing physical interior (radius, estimated density) and surface thermal regime (escape velocity, equilibrium temperature).
Discovery Facility: Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) · Catalogue Source: NASA Exoplanet Archive (IPAC / Caltech).
☀️ Host Star Telemetry
| Host Star Name | HD 22946 |
| Spectral Type | F7/F8V |
| Effective Temp (Teff) | 6,169 K |
| Stellar Radius | 1.1170 R☉ |
| Stellar Mass | 1.0980 M☉ |
| Bolometric Luminosity | 1.621 L☉ |
| Metallicity [Fe/H] | -0.080 dex |
| Stellar Age | 2.500 Gyr |
| Apparent Magnitude | V: 8.270 · G: 8.128 |
| System Architecture | 1 Star, 3 Planets |
🪐 Orbital & Physical Dynamics
| Semi-Major Axis (a) | 0.057270 AU |
| Orbital Period | 4.04 days |
| Mean Orbital Velocity | 154.2 km/s |
| Orbital Eccentricity (e) | 0.12600 |
| Orbital Inclination (i) | 88.3000° |
| Mean Bulk Density | 29.92 g/cm³ (35.5 km/s vesc) |
| Insolation Flux | 495.1390 S⊕ (~673,884 W/m²) |
| Habitable Zone Status | Exterior / Non-HZ |
| Celestial Distance | 204.800 LY (62.779 pc) |