TOI-3235 b
Astrophysical Synthesis & Habitability Characterization
TOI-3235 b is a confirmed gas giant exoplanet orbiting the star TOI-3235, located approximately 237.5 light-years (72.81 parsecs) from the Solar System. First announced in 2023 by Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) using the Transit detection technique (producing an estimated primary transit depth of 7.9919% across the stellar disk), this world measures 11.4 Earth radii (1.02 Jupiter radii) and has a measured mass of 211.356 Earth masses (0.66 Jupiter masses). Combining its mass and radius yields a mean bulk density of 0.79 g/cm³ (a low bulk density dominated by an extended hydrogen-helium gaseous envelope), a surface gravity of 1.63 g⊕ (15.98 m/s²), and an escape velocity of 48.2 km/s.
In its orbital architecture around TOI-3235, TOI-3235 b completes one full revolution every 2.593 Earth days at a semi-major axis of 0.02709 AU (an ultra-close orbit less than one-seventh of Mercury's 0.387 AU distance from the Sun, where strong stellar tidal forces typically induce synchronous rotation). Its mean orbital velocity is approximately 113.7 km/s (compared to Earth's 29.8 km/s). With a near-circular eccentricity of e = 0.029 (ranging from 0.0263 AU at periapsis to 0.0279 AU at apoapsis), the planet experiences minimal orbital distance variation.
⚠️ Thermal Regime (Irradiated / Hot Zone): At an equilibrium temperature of 604 K (+331°C / +628°F) and receiving 13.89 S⊕ (~18,902 W/m²), TOI-3235 b orbits interior to the runaway greenhouse boundary where surface liquid water cannot persist.
The host star TOI-3235 is classified as a low-mass red dwarf of spectral type M V with an effective photospheric temperature of 3,389 K, a radius of 0.3697 R☉, a mass of 0.3939 M☉, an estimated bolometric luminosity of 0.016 L☉. Stellar evolution modeling indicates a metallicity of [Fe/H] = 0.264 dex (metal-rich relative to the Sun). From Earth, TOI-3235 shines at apparent V-band magnitude 15.16 (faint and requiring research-grade or CCD telescopic photometry) in the Southern celestial hemisphere.
Methodology: Computed using the Schulze-Makuch et al. (2011) weighted metric comparing physical interior (radius, estimated density) and surface thermal regime (escape velocity, equilibrium temperature).
Discovery Facility: Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) · Catalogue Source: NASA Exoplanet Archive (IPAC / Caltech).
☀️ Host Star Telemetry
| Host Star Name | TOI-3235 |
| Spectral Type | M V |
| Effective Temp (Teff) | 3,389 K |
| Stellar Radius | 0.3697 R☉ |
| Stellar Mass | 0.3939 M☉ |
| Bolometric Luminosity | 0.016 L☉ |
| Metallicity [Fe/H] | 0.264 dex |
| Stellar Age | — |
| Apparent Magnitude | V: 15.160 · G: 14.486 |
| System Architecture | 1 Star, 1 Planet |
🪐 Orbital & Physical Dynamics
| Semi-Major Axis (a) | 0.027090 AU |
| Orbital Period | 2.593 days |
| Mean Orbital Velocity | 113.7 km/s |
| Orbital Eccentricity (e) | 0.02900 |
| Orbital Inclination (i) | 88.1400° |
| Mean Bulk Density | 0.79 g/cm³ (48.2 km/s vesc) |
| Insolation Flux | 13.8883 S⊕ (~18,902 W/m²) |
| Habitable Zone Status | Exterior / Non-HZ |
| Celestial Distance | 237.500 LY (72.811 pc) |