TOI-2525 b
Astrophysical Synthesis & Habitability Characterization
TOI-2525 b is a confirmed gas giant exoplanet orbiting the star TOI-2525, located approximately 1289.6 light-years (395.4 parsecs) from the Solar System. First announced in 2023 by Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) using the Transit detection technique (producing an estimated primary transit depth of 1.0267% across the stellar disk), this world measures 8.676 Earth radii (0.77 Jupiter radii) and has a measured mass of 26.698 Earth masses. Combining its mass and radius yields a mean bulk density of 0.23 g/cm³ (a low bulk density dominated by an extended hydrogen-helium gaseous envelope), a surface gravity of 0.35 g⊕ (3.43 m/s²), and an escape velocity of 19.6 km/s.
In its orbital architecture around TOI-2525, TOI-2525 b completes one full revolution every 23.286 Earth days at a semi-major axis of 0.1511 AU (orbiting interior to Mercury's 0.387 AU benchmark in the Solar System). Its mean orbital velocity is approximately 70.6 km/s (compared to Earth's 29.8 km/s). Its moderate orbital eccentricity of e = 0.17 carries the world between 0.1254 AU at periapsis and 0.1768 AU at apoapsis, driving measurable seasonal insolation cycles.
⚠️ Thermal Regime (Irradiated / Hot Zone): At an equilibrium temperature of 513 K (+240°C / +464°F) and receiving 16.36 S⊕ (~22,272 W/m²), TOI-2525 b orbits interior to the runaway greenhouse boundary where surface liquid water cannot persist.
The host star TOI-2525 is classified as an orange K-type star of spectral type K8 V with an effective photospheric temperature of 5,096 K, a radius of 0.785 R☉, a mass of 0.849 M☉, an estimated bolometric luminosity of 0.373 L☉. Stellar evolution modeling indicates an estimated stellar age of 3.99 Gyr and a metallicity of [Fe/H] = 0.14 dex (metal-rich relative to the Sun). From Earth, TOI-2525 shines at apparent V-band magnitude 14.216 (faint and requiring research-grade or CCD telescopic photometry) in the Southern celestial hemisphere. The TOI-2525 system is a multi-planet architecture hosting 2 confirmed worlds, with TOI-2525 b sharing its stellar neighborhood alongside TOI-2525 c.
Methodology: Computed using the Schulze-Makuch et al. (2011) weighted metric comparing physical interior (radius, estimated density) and surface thermal regime (escape velocity, equilibrium temperature).
Discovery Facility: Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) · Catalogue Source: NASA Exoplanet Archive (IPAC / Caltech).
☀️ Host Star Telemetry
| Host Star Name | TOI-2525 |
| Spectral Type | K8 V |
| Effective Temp (Teff) | 5,096 K |
| Stellar Radius | 0.7850 R☉ |
| Stellar Mass | 0.8490 M☉ |
| Bolometric Luminosity | 0.373 L☉ |
| Metallicity [Fe/H] | 0.140 dex |
| Stellar Age | 3.990 Gyr |
| Apparent Magnitude | V: 14.216 · G: 14.012 |
| System Architecture | 1 Star, 2 Planets |
🪐 Orbital & Physical Dynamics
| Semi-Major Axis (a) | 0.151100 AU |
| Orbital Period | 23.286 days |
| Mean Orbital Velocity | 70.6 km/s |
| Orbital Eccentricity (e) | 0.17000 |
| Orbital Inclination (i) | 89.5000° |
| Mean Bulk Density | 0.23 g/cm³ (19.6 km/s vesc) |
| Insolation Flux | 16.3643 S⊕ (~22,272 W/m²) |
| Habitable Zone Status | Exterior / Non-HZ |
| Celestial Distance | 1289.600 LY (395.398 pc) |