TOI-1994 b
Astrophysical Synthesis & Habitability Characterization
TOI-1994 b is a confirmed gas giant exoplanet orbiting the star TOI-1994, located approximately 1681.7 light-years (515.6 parsecs) from the Solar System. First announced in 2024 by Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) using the Transit detection technique (producing an estimated primary transit depth of 0.2971% across the stellar disk), this world measures 13.675 Earth radii (1.22 Jupiter radii) and has a measured mass of 7024.008 Earth masses (22.1 Jupiter masses). Combining its mass and radius yields a mean bulk density of 15.15 g/cm³ (an iron-enriched, high-compression rocky core), a surface gravity of 37.56 g⊕ (368.34 m/s²), and an escape velocity of 253.5 km/s.
In its orbital architecture around TOI-1994, TOI-1994 b completes one full revolution every 4.034 Earth days at a semi-major axis of 0.0613 AU (orbiting interior to Mercury's 0.387 AU benchmark in the Solar System). Its mean orbital velocity is approximately 165.3 km/s (compared to Earth's 29.8 km/s). The planet follows a highly eccentric trajectory (e = 0.341, swinging from 0.0404 AU at periapsis out to 0.0822 AU at apoapsis), pointing to past dynamical scattering or secular gravitational perturbations.
⚠️ Thermal Regime (Irradiated / Hot Zone): At an equilibrium temperature of 2290 K (+2017°C / +3663°F) and receiving 1,910.26 S⊕ (~2,599,864 W/m²), TOI-1994 b orbits interior to the runaway greenhouse boundary where surface liquid water cannot persist.
The host star TOI-1994 is classified as a stellar host with an effective photospheric temperature of 7,700 K, a radius of 2.3 R☉, a mass of 1.86 M☉, an estimated bolometric luminosity of 16.684 L☉. Stellar evolution modeling indicates an estimated stellar age of 0.94 Gyr and a metallicity of [Fe/H] = -0.01 dex (near-solar heavy-element abundance). From Earth, TOI-1994 shines at apparent V-band magnitude 10.514 (faint and requiring research-grade or CCD telescopic photometry) in the Southern celestial hemisphere.
Methodology: Computed using the Schulze-Makuch et al. (2011) weighted metric comparing physical interior (radius, estimated density) and surface thermal regime (escape velocity, equilibrium temperature).
Discovery Facility: Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) · Catalogue Source: NASA Exoplanet Archive (IPAC / Caltech).
☀️ Host Star Telemetry
| Host Star Name | TOI-1994 |
| Spectral Type | Unclassified |
| Effective Temp (Teff) | 7,700 K |
| Stellar Radius | 2.3000 R☉ |
| Stellar Mass | 1.8600 M☉ |
| Bolometric Luminosity | 16.684 L☉ |
| Metallicity [Fe/H] | -0.010 dex |
| Stellar Age | 0.940 Gyr |
| Apparent Magnitude | V: 10.514 · G: 10.428 |
| System Architecture | 1 Star, 1 Planet |
🪐 Orbital & Physical Dynamics
| Semi-Major Axis (a) | 0.061300 AU |
| Orbital Period | 4.034 days |
| Mean Orbital Velocity | 165.3 km/s |
| Orbital Eccentricity (e) | 0.34100 |
| Orbital Inclination (i) | 85.5000° |
| Mean Bulk Density | 15.15 g/cm³ (253.5 km/s vesc) |
| Insolation Flux | 1910.2600 S⊕ (~2,599,864 W/m²) |
| Habitable Zone Status | Exterior / Non-HZ |
| Celestial Distance | 1681.700 LY (515.603 pc) |