TOI-1416 b
Astrophysical Synthesis & Habitability Characterization
TOI-1416 b is a confirmed super-earth exoplanet orbiting the star TOI-1416, located approximately 179.4 light-years (55.01 parsecs) from the Solar System. First announced in 2023 by Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) using the Transit detection technique (producing an estimated primary transit depth of 0.0351% across the stellar disk), this world measures 1.62 Earth radii and has a measured mass of 3.48 Earth masses. Combining its mass and radius yields a mean bulk density of 4.51 g/cm³ (a terrestrial silicate-iron composition comparable to Earth (5.51 g/cm³)), a surface gravity of 1.33 g⊕ (13.04 m/s²), and an escape velocity of 16.4 km/s.
In its orbital architecture around TOI-1416, TOI-1416 b completes one full revolution every 1.07 Earth days at a semi-major axis of 0.019 AU (an ultra-close orbit less than one-seventh of Mercury's 0.387 AU distance from the Sun, where strong stellar tidal forces typically induce synchronous rotation). Its mean orbital velocity is approximately 193.2 km/s (compared to Earth's 29.8 km/s). The orbit is modeled as circular (e = 0.00), maintaining a constant stellar distance throughout its year.
⚠️ Thermal Regime (Irradiated / Hot Zone): At an equilibrium temperature of 1517 K (+1244°C / +2271°F) and receiving 883.00 S⊕ (~1,201,763 W/m²), TOI-1416 b orbits interior to the runaway greenhouse boundary where surface liquid water cannot persist.
The host star TOI-1416 is classified as a solar-type yellow star of spectral type G9 V with an effective photospheric temperature of 4,884 K, a radius of 0.793 R☉, a mass of 0.798 M☉, an estimated bolometric luminosity of 0.321 L☉. Stellar evolution modeling indicates an estimated stellar age of 6.9 Gyr and a metallicity of [Fe/H] = 0.08 dex (metal-rich relative to the Sun). From Earth, TOI-1416 shines at apparent V-band magnitude 9.91 (accessible to binoculars and small amateur telescopes) in the Northern celestial hemisphere.
Methodology: Computed using the Schulze-Makuch et al. (2011) weighted metric comparing physical interior (radius, estimated density) and surface thermal regime (escape velocity, equilibrium temperature).
Discovery Facility: Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) · Catalogue Source: NASA Exoplanet Archive (IPAC / Caltech).
☀️ Host Star Telemetry
| Host Star Name | TOI-1416 |
| Spectral Type | G9 V |
| Effective Temp (Teff) | 4,884 K |
| Stellar Radius | 0.7930 R☉ |
| Stellar Mass | 0.7980 M☉ |
| Bolometric Luminosity | 0.321 L☉ |
| Metallicity [Fe/H] | 0.080 dex |
| Stellar Age | 6.900 Gyr |
| Apparent Magnitude | V: 9.910 · G: 9.653 |
| System Architecture | 1 Star, 1 Planet |
🪐 Orbital & Physical Dynamics
| Semi-Major Axis (a) | 0.019000 AU |
| Orbital Period | 1.07 days |
| Mean Orbital Velocity | 193.2 km/s |
| Orbital Eccentricity (e) | 0.00000 |
| Orbital Inclination (i) | 85.7000° |
| Mean Bulk Density | 4.51 g/cm³ (16.4 km/s vesc) |
| Insolation Flux | 883.0000 S⊕ (~1,201,763 W/m²) |
| Habitable Zone Status | Exterior / Non-HZ |
| Celestial Distance | 179.400 LY (55.014 pc) |