TOI-125 b
Astrophysical Synthesis & Habitability Characterization
TOI-125 b is a confirmed sub-neptune exoplanet orbiting the star TOI-125, located approximately 362.2 light-years (111.06 parsecs) from the Solar System. First announced in 2019 by Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) using the Transit detection technique (producing an estimated primary transit depth of 0.0869% across the stellar disk), this world measures 2.726 Earth radii and has a measured mass of 9.5 Earth masses. Combining its mass and radius yields a mean bulk density of 2.59 g/cm³ (an intermediate density indicative of a deep water-ice mantle or dense volatile envelope), a surface gravity of 1.28 g⊕ (12.55 m/s²), and an escape velocity of 20.9 km/s.
In its orbital architecture around TOI-125, TOI-125 b completes one full revolution every 4.654 Earth days at a semi-major axis of 0.05186 AU (orbiting interior to Mercury's 0.387 AU benchmark in the Solar System). Its mean orbital velocity is approximately 121.2 km/s (compared to Earth's 29.8 km/s). Its moderate orbital eccentricity of e = 0.194 carries the world between 0.0418 AU at periapsis and 0.0619 AU at apoapsis, driving measurable seasonal insolation cycles.
⚠️ Thermal Regime (Irradiated / Hot Zone): At an equilibrium temperature of 1037 K (+764°C / +1407°F) and receiving 185.00 S⊕ (~251,785 W/m²), TOI-125 b orbits interior to the runaway greenhouse boundary where surface liquid water cannot persist.
The host star TOI-125 is classified as an orange K-type star of spectral type K0 V with an effective photospheric temperature of 5,320 K, a radius of 0.848 R☉, a mass of 0.859 M☉, an estimated bolometric luminosity of 0.517 L☉. Stellar evolution modeling indicates an estimated stellar age of 6.8 Gyr and a metallicity of [Fe/H] = -0.02 dex (near-solar heavy-element abundance). From Earth, TOI-125 shines at apparent V-band magnitude 11.023 (faint and requiring research-grade or CCD telescopic photometry) in the Southern celestial hemisphere. The TOI-125 system is a multi-planet architecture hosting 3 confirmed worlds, with TOI-125 b sharing its stellar neighborhood alongside TOI-125 c, TOI-125 d.
Methodology: Computed using the Schulze-Makuch et al. (2011) weighted metric comparing physical interior (radius, estimated density) and surface thermal regime (escape velocity, equilibrium temperature).
Discovery Facility: Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) · Catalogue Source: NASA Exoplanet Archive (IPAC / Caltech).
☀️ Host Star Telemetry
| Host Star Name | TOI-125 |
| Spectral Type | K0 V |
| Effective Temp (Teff) | 5,320 K |
| Stellar Radius | 0.8480 R☉ |
| Stellar Mass | 0.8590 M☉ |
| Bolometric Luminosity | 0.517 L☉ |
| Metallicity [Fe/H] | -0.020 dex |
| Stellar Age | 6.800 Gyr |
| Apparent Magnitude | V: 11.023 · G: 10.718 |
| System Architecture | 1 Star, 3 Planets |
🪐 Orbital & Physical Dynamics
| Semi-Major Axis (a) | 0.051860 AU |
| Orbital Period | 4.654 days |
| Mean Orbital Velocity | 121.2 km/s |
| Orbital Eccentricity (e) | 0.19400 |
| Orbital Inclination (i) | 88.9200° |
| Mean Bulk Density | 2.59 g/cm³ (20.9 km/s vesc) |
| Insolation Flux | 185.0000 S⊕ (~251,785 W/m²) |
| Habitable Zone Status | Exterior / Non-HZ |
| Celestial Distance | 362.200 LY (111.059 pc) |