TOI-1235 b
Astrophysical Synthesis & Habitability Characterization
TOI-1235 b is a confirmed super-earth exoplanet orbiting the star TOI-1235, located approximately 129.3 light-years (39.64 parsecs) from the Solar System. First announced in 2020 by Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) using the Transit detection technique (producing an estimated primary transit depth of 0.0627% across the stellar disk), this world measures 1.69 Earth radii and has a measured mass of 6.69 Earth masses. Combining its mass and radius yields a mean bulk density of 7.64 g/cm³ (an iron-enriched, high-compression rocky core), a surface gravity of 2.34 g⊕ (22.95 m/s²), and an escape velocity of 22.3 km/s.
In its orbital architecture around TOI-1235, TOI-1235 b completes one full revolution every 3.445 Earth days at a semi-major axis of 0.03845 AU (an ultra-close orbit less than one-seventh of Mercury's 0.387 AU distance from the Sun, where strong stellar tidal forces typically induce synchronous rotation). Its mean orbital velocity is approximately 121.4 km/s (compared to Earth's 29.8 km/s). With a near-circular eccentricity of e = 0.049 (ranging from 0.0366 AU at periapsis to 0.0403 AU at apoapsis), the planet experiences minimal orbital distance variation.
⚠️ Thermal Regime (Irradiated / Hot Zone): At an equilibrium temperature of 775 K (+502°C / +936°F) and receiving 60.30 S⊕ (~82,068 W/m²), TOI-1235 b orbits interior to the runaway greenhouse boundary where surface liquid water cannot persist.
The host star TOI-1235 is classified as a low-mass red dwarf of spectral type M0.5 V with an effective photospheric temperature of 3,997 K, a radius of 0.619 R☉, a mass of 0.63 M☉, an estimated bolometric luminosity of 0.088 L☉. Stellar evolution modeling indicates an estimated stellar age of 5.3 Gyr and a metallicity of [Fe/H] = 0.33 dex (metal-rich relative to the Sun). From Earth, TOI-1235 shines at apparent V-band magnitude 11.495 (faint and requiring research-grade or CCD telescopic photometry) in the Northern celestial hemisphere.
Methodology: Computed using the Schulze-Makuch et al. (2011) weighted metric comparing physical interior (radius, estimated density) and surface thermal regime (escape velocity, equilibrium temperature).
Discovery Facility: Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) · Catalogue Source: NASA Exoplanet Archive (IPAC / Caltech).
☀️ Host Star Telemetry
| Host Star Name | TOI-1235 |
| Spectral Type | M0.5 V |
| Effective Temp (Teff) | 3,997 K |
| Stellar Radius | 0.6190 R☉ |
| Stellar Mass | 0.6300 M☉ |
| Bolometric Luminosity | 0.088 L☉ |
| Metallicity [Fe/H] | 0.330 dex |
| Stellar Age | 5.300 Gyr |
| Apparent Magnitude | V: 11.495 · G: 10.849 |
| System Architecture | 1 Star, 1 Planet |
🪐 Orbital & Physical Dynamics
| Semi-Major Axis (a) | 0.038450 AU |
| Orbital Period | 3.445 days |
| Mean Orbital Velocity | 121.4 km/s |
| Orbital Eccentricity (e) | 0.04900 |
| Orbital Inclination (i) | 88.9000° |
| Mean Bulk Density | 7.64 g/cm³ (22.3 km/s vesc) |
| Insolation Flux | 60.3000 S⊕ (~82,068 W/m²) |
| Habitable Zone Status | Exterior / Non-HZ |
| Celestial Distance | 129.300 LY (39.635 pc) |