Kepler-356 c
Astrophysical Synthesis & Habitability Characterization
Kepler-356 c is a confirmed super-earth exoplanet orbiting the star Kepler-356, located approximately 2307.7 light-years (707.56 parsecs) from the Solar System. First announced in 2014 by Kepler using the Transit detection technique (producing an estimated primary transit depth of 0.0155% across the stellar disk), this world measures 1.81 Earth radii and has a measured mass of 3.93 Earth masses. Combining its mass and radius yields a mean bulk density of 3.65 g/cm³ (an intermediate density indicative of a deep water-ice mantle or dense volatile envelope), a surface gravity of 1.2 g⊕ (11.77 m/s²), and an escape velocity of 16.5 km/s.
In its orbital architecture around Kepler-356, Kepler-356 c completes one full revolution every 13.122 Earth days at a semi-major axis of 0.115 AU (orbiting interior to Mercury's 0.387 AU benchmark in the Solar System). Its mean orbital velocity is approximately 95.3 km/s (compared to Earth's 29.8 km/s). The orbit is modeled as circular (e = 0.00), maintaining a constant stellar distance throughout its year.
⚠️ Thermal Regime (Irradiated / Hot Zone): At an equilibrium temperature of 913 K (+640°C / +1184°F) and receiving 209.37 S⊕ (~284,950 W/m²), Kepler-356 c orbits interior to the runaway greenhouse boundary where surface liquid water cannot persist.
The host star Kepler-356 is classified as a stellar host with an effective photospheric temperature of 6,133 K, a radius of 1.335 R☉, a mass of 1.163 M☉, an estimated bolometric luminosity of 2.262 L☉. Stellar evolution modeling indicates an estimated stellar age of 4.17 Gyr and a metallicity of [Fe/H] = -0.023 dex (near-solar heavy-element abundance). From Earth, Kepler-356 shines at apparent V-band magnitude 13.058 (faint and requiring research-grade or CCD telescopic photometry) in the Northern celestial hemisphere. The Kepler-356 system is a multi-planet architecture hosting 2 confirmed worlds, with Kepler-356 c sharing its stellar neighborhood alongside Kepler-356 b.
Methodology: Computed using the Schulze-Makuch et al. (2011) weighted metric comparing physical interior (radius, estimated density) and surface thermal regime (escape velocity, equilibrium temperature).
Discovery Facility: Kepler · Catalogue Source: NASA Exoplanet Archive (IPAC / Caltech).
☀️ Host Star Telemetry
| Host Star Name | Kepler-356 |
| Spectral Type | Unclassified |
| Effective Temp (Teff) | 6,133 K |
| Stellar Radius | 1.3350 R☉ |
| Stellar Mass | 1.1630 M☉ |
| Bolometric Luminosity | 2.262 L☉ |
| Metallicity [Fe/H] | -0.023 dex |
| Stellar Age | 4.170 Gyr |
| Apparent Magnitude | V: 13.058 · G: 12.965 |
| System Architecture | 1 Star, 2 Planets |
🪐 Orbital & Physical Dynamics
| Semi-Major Axis (a) | 0.115000 AU |
| Orbital Period | 13.122 days |
| Mean Orbital Velocity | 95.3 km/s |
| Orbital Eccentricity (e) | 0.00000 |
| Orbital Inclination (i) | 87.2900° |
| Mean Bulk Density | 3.65 g/cm³ (16.5 km/s vesc) |
| Insolation Flux | 209.3680 S⊕ (~284,950 W/m²) |
| Habitable Zone Status | Exterior / Non-HZ |
| Celestial Distance | 2307.700 LY (707.559 pc) |